Mark and Scott Kelly.
Astronaut Scott Kelly, who spent a full year in space as part of a groundbreaking NASA mission, is no longer an exact genetic match with his identical twin brother Mark Kelly, according to a new study.
"Scott's DNA did not fundamentally change".
"We really see an explosion, like fireworks taking off, as soon as the human body gets into space", said Dr Chris Mason, Twins Study investigator, of Weill Cornell Medicine.
Scott Kelly, a crew member of the mission to the International Space Station, left, and his brother, Mark Kelly, also an astronaut. Kelly's transformation suggests longer-term alterations related to at least five biological pathways and functions.
The telomeres, or caps, of Scott's chromosomes (which aid the human aging process) lengthened as a result of space travel.
"With this study, we've seen thousands and thousands of genes change how they are turned on and turned off".
Scientists found that Scott Kelly, who set the record for most consecutive days spent in orbit, underwent an "unexpected" genetic change.
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According to NASA, 93 percent of Kelly's gene expression went back to "normal" after he returned to Earth in March 2016, but it seems that about 7 percent may have been altered more permanently. This change of gene expression is very minimal.
Mason's work shows that one of the most important changes to Kelly's cells was hypoxia, or a deficient amount of tissue oxygenation, probably due to a lack of oxygen and high levels of carbon dioxide.
Telomeres are involved in the fix of damaged DNA and key to preventing ageing, and the find may help us better understand how and why we age. First, there was a significant increase in average length while he was in space, and then there was a decrease in length within about 48 hours of his landing on Earth that stabilized to almost preflight levels.
It is well known that astronauts' bodies change to adapt to living in micro-gravity, but it was generally assumed the effects wore off on returning to Earth. The researchers discovered hyperactive immune activity as well, thought to be the result of his radically different environment: space.
The twins study helps NASA gain insight into what happens to the human body in space beyond the usual six-months on the International Space Station.
The changes that were found to be longer lasting have to do with Kelly's immune system, bone formation, his response to low-oxygen environments and other gene expressions, NASA said in a statement.
The long-term effects of space habitation are still unknown and the space agency said the experiment was a stepping stone for its mission to Mars.
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